Shan taba ya ci gaba da zama babban abin da ke haifar da cututtuka da mace-mace da za a iya hanawa a Kanada. A shekarar 2017, an samu mace-mace sama da 47,000 sakamakon shan taba a Kanada, inda aka kiyasta cewa an kashe dala biliyan 6.1 a fannin kula da lafiya kai tsaye da kuma jimillar kuɗin da aka kashe dala biliyan 12.3.1 A watan Nuwamba na 2019, ƙa'idojin marufi na kayayyakin taba sun fara aiki a matsayin wani ɓangare na Tsarin Taba na Kanada, wanda ke da nufin cimma burin shan taba ƙasa da kashi 5% nan da shekarar 2035.
Ƙasashe da dama a duniya sun fara amfani da marufi mara tsari. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2020, marufi mara tsariKanadamarufin sigariAn aiwatar da shi gaba ɗaya a matakin masana'anta da dillalai a ƙasashe 14: Ostiraliya (2012); Faransa da Burtaniya (2017); New Zealand, Norway, da Ireland (2018); Uruguay, da Thailand (2019); Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Isra'ila, da Slovenia (Janairu 2020); Kanada (Fabrairu 2020); da Singapore (Yuli 2020). Nan da Janairu 2022, Belgium, Hungary, da Netherlands za su aiwatar da cikakken marufi.
Wannan rahoton ya taƙaita shaidu daga Aikin Kimanta Manufofin Kula da Taba ta Duniya (ITC) kan ingancin marufi mara shinge a Kanada. Tun daga shekarar 2002, Aikin ITC ya gudanar da bincike na tsawon lokaci a ƙasashe 29 don tantance tasirin manyan manufofin kula da taba na Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya kan Kula da Taba (WHO FCTC). Wannan rahoton ya gabatar da sakamakon da aka samu kan tasirin marufi mara shinge a Kanada bisa ga bayanan da aka tattara daga manya masu shan taba kafin (2018) da kuma bayan (2020) gabatar da marufi mara shingeKanadamarufin sigariAn kuma gabatar da bayanai daga Kanada dangane da bayanai daga wasu ƙasashe har zuwa 25 na ITC Project - ciki har da Ostiraliya, Ingila, Faransa, da New Zealand, inda aka aiwatar da marufi mara tsari.
Marufi mara tsari ya rage sha'awar fakitin - kashi 45% na masu shan taba ba sa son yanayin fakitin sigarinsu bayan an yi amfani da shi a zahiriKanada marufin sigarian gabatar da shi, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 29% kafin dokar Unlik An shirya wannan rahoton ta hanyar ITC Project a Jami'ar Waterloo: Janet Chung-Hall, Pete Driezen, Eunice Ofeibea Indome, Gang Meng, Lorraine Craig, da Geoffrey T. Fong. Mun gode da tsokaci daga Cynthia Callard, Likitoci na Kanada marasa shan taba; Rob Cunningham, Canadian Cancer Society; da Francis Thompson, HealthBridge kan daftarin wannan rahoton. Sonya Lyon ta Sentrik Graphic Solutions Inc. ce ta samar da zane da tsari. Godiya ga Brigitte Meloche don samar da ayyukan fassara na Faransanci; da kuma ga Nadia Martin, ITC Project don bita da gyara fassarar Faransanci. An samar da kuɗaɗen wannan rahoton ta hanyar Health Canada's Drug Use and Addictions Program (SUAP) Arrangement #2021-HQ-000058. Ra'ayoyin da aka bayyana a nan ba lallai bane su wakilci ra'ayoyin Health Canada.
Binciken Shan Sigari da Shan Sigari na Ƙasashe Huɗu na ITC ya sami tallafi daga tallafin kuɗi daga Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta Amurka (P01 CA200512), Cibiyar Binciken Lafiya ta Kanada (FDN-148477), da Majalisar Binciken Lafiya da Lafiya ta Ƙasa ta Ostiraliya (APP 1106451). An ba da ƙarin tallafi ga Geoffrey T. Fong ta hanyar Babban Tallafin Mai Bincike daga Cibiyar Binciken Ciwon daji ta Ontario.
An tanadar da ikon tsara marufin taba (wanda kuma aka sani da marufin da aka tsara) a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kayayyakin Taba da Taba (TVPA)4, wanda aka amince da gyare-gyare a ranar 23 ga Mayu, 2018 a matsayin tsarin doka don rage yawan mace-mace da cututtuka da suka shafi taba a Kanada.Kanadamarufin sigarida nufin rage sha'awar kayayyakin taba kuma an gabatar da shi a ƙarƙashin Dokokin Kayayyakin Taba na 2019 (Bayyana a sarari kuma daidaitacce)5 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin cikakkun tsare-tsare na manufofi don taimakawa wajen cimma burin shan taba ƙasa da kashi 5% nan da shekarar 2035 a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Taba na Kanada.
Dokokin sun shafi marufi ga duk kayayyakin taba, gami da sigari da aka ƙera, naɗe kayayyakinku (taba mai laushi, bututu da takardun birgima da aka yi niyya don amfani da su tare da taba), sigari da ƙananan sigari, taba bututu, taba mara hayaki, da kayayyakin taba masu zafi. Ba a rufe kayayyakin lantarki/vaping a ƙarƙashin waɗannan ƙa'idodi ba, tunda ba a rarraba su a matsayin kayayyakin taba a ƙarƙashin TVPA ba.
4 Marufi mara tsari na sigari, ƙananan sigari, kayayyakin taba da aka yi niyya don amfani da na'urori, da duk sauran kayayyakin taba sun fara aiki a matakin masana'anta/mai shigo da kaya a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 2019, tare da wa'adin kwanaki 90 na canji ga masu sayar da taba don cika kafin 7 ga Fabrairu, 2020. Marufi mara tsari na sigari ya fara aiki a matakin masana'anta/mai shigo da kaya a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 2020, tare da wa'adin kwanaki 180 na canji ga masu sayar da taba don cika kafin 8 ga Mayu, 2021.5, 8
Kanada marufin sigariAn kira ƙa'idodi a matsayin mafi cikakken bayani a duniya, wanda ya kafa misalai da dama na duniya (duba Akwati na 1). Duk fakitin kayayyakin taba dole ne su kasance suna da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, ba tare da siffofi na musamman da masu jan hankali ba, da kuma nuna rubutu da aka yarda a wuri, rubutu, launi, da girma na yau da kullun. Sandunan sigari ba za su iya wuce ƙayyadaddun girma don faɗi da tsayi ba; suna da kowane alama; kuma ƙarshen matatar dole ne ya zama lebur kuma ba zai iya samun ramuka ba.Kanada marufin sigariza a daidaita shi zuwa tsarin zamiya da harsashi a matakin masana'anta/mai shigo da kaya tun daga ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, 2021 (masu siyarwa suna da har zuwa 7 ga Fabrairu, 2022 su bi), don haka hana fakitin da ke da buɗewa ta sama. Hoto na 1 yana nuna fakitin zamiya da harsashi tare da bayyananneKanada marufin sigari inda aka bayyana saƙon lafiya a bayan fakitin ciki lokacin da aka buɗe fakitin. Kanada ita ce ƙasa ta farko a duniya da ke buƙatar fakitin zamiya da harsashi KUMA ita ce ta farko da ta buƙaci saƙonnin lafiya na cikin gida.
Kanadamarufin sigariƙa'idodi sune mafi ƙarfi a duniya kuma na farko don:
• Haramta amfani da bayanin launi a cikin dukkan sunayen alama da na daban
• Ana buƙatar tsarin marufi na slide da shell don sigari
• Ana buƙatar launin ruwan kasa mara kyau a cikin marufi
• Hana shan taba fiye da 85mm
• An hana sigarin sigari mai kauri ƙasa da 7.65mm a diamita
Ka'idojin duniya da aka kafa ta hanyar ƙa'idodin marufi na Kanada
Kanada ba ta aiwatar da sabbin bayanai kan lafiyar fakitin sigari tare da ƙa'idojin marufi ba, kamar yadda wasu ƙasashe suka buƙata, ciki har da Ostiraliya, Burtaniya, Faransa, da New Zealand. Duk da haka,Fakitin sigari na Kanadagargaɗi (kashi 75% na gaba da baya) zai zama mafi girma a duniya dangane da jimlar yankin saman lokacin da tsarin zamiya da harsashi na tilas ya fara aiki a watan Nuwamba 2021. Health Canada tana kammala shirye-shiryen aiwatar da sabbin sabbin gargaɗin lafiya ga kayayyakin taba waɗanda za a buƙaci su juya bayan wani takamaiman lokaci.9 Hoto na 2 ya gabatar da jadawalin lokacin da za a yi amfani da marufi a Kanada dangane da Binciken Shan Sigari da Shan Sigari na Ƙasashe Huɗu na ITC, waɗanda ke ba da bayanai don wannan rahoton.
Wannan rahoton ya gabatar da bayanai daga Binciken Shan Sigari da Shan Sigari na ITC Canada kafin da kuma bayan an aiwatar da marufi mai sauƙi a matakin dillalai a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 2020. Binciken Shan Sigari da Shan Sigari na ITC Canada, wani ɓangare na babban Binciken Shan Sigari da Shan Sigari na ITC Four Country, wanda aka gudanar a layi ɗaya da binciken ƙungiyoyi a Amurka, Ostiraliya, da Ingila, wani bincike ne da aka gudanar tsakanin manyan masu shan sigari da masu shan sigari da aka ɗauka daga sassan yanar gizo na ƙasa a kowace ƙasa. Binciken kan layi na mintuna 45 ya haɗa da tambayoyi da suka dace da kimanta marufi mai sauƙi, waɗanda ITC Project ta yi amfani da su don tantance marufi mai sauƙi a Ostiraliya, Ingila, New Zealand, da Faransa. An gudanar da Binciken Shan Sigari da Shan Sigari na ITC Canada a tsakanin samfurin da aka wakilta a ƙasa baki ɗaya na manya 4600 masu shan sigari waɗanda suka kammala bincike a shekarar 2018 (kafin a yi amfani da marufi), 2020 (bayan a yi amfani da marufi), ko kuma a cikin shekaru biyu. Ana kwatanta bayanan dogon lokaci daga Kanada da bayanai daga wasu ƙasashe biyu na ITC (Ostiraliya da Amurka) inda aka gudanar da irin wannan bincike a tsawon lokaci ɗaya, kuma waɗanda suka bambanta a matsayin dokokin a yi amfani da marufi da buƙatun canje-canje a cikin PHWs (duba Tebur 1). i Halayen waɗanda aka yi wa bincike a Kanada, Ostiraliya, da Amurka an taƙaita su a cikin Tebur 2. Rahoton ya kuma gabatar da kwatancen bayanai tsakanin ƙasashe kan zaɓaɓɓun ma'aunin tasirin manufofi a Kanada da kuma har zuwa wasu ƙasashe 25 na ITC.ii
An gabatar da cikakkun bayanai kan hanyoyin ɗaukar samfura da kuma binciken da ake yi a kowace ƙasa a cikin Binciken Shan Sigari da Shan Sigari na Ƙasashe Huɗu na ITC
rahotannin fasaha, ana samun su a:https://itcproject.org/methods/
Aikin ITC ya riga ya buga rahotanni kan tasirin marufi mara tsari a New Zealand18 da Ingila19. Takardun kimiyya na ITC na gaba za su gabatar da ƙarin nazari mai zurfi game da tasirin marufi mara tsari a Kanada da sauran ƙasashe, da kuma kwatanta tasirin manufofi a cikin cikakken jerin ƙasashen ITC waɗanda suka aiwatar da marufi mara tsari.Kanadamarufin sigari.Ƙananan bambance-bambance tsakanin sakamakon da aka ruwaito wa Kanada a cikin takardun kimiyya masu zuwa da sakamakon da aka ruwaito a cikin wannan takarda ya faru ne saboda bambance-bambancen hanyoyin daidaita ƙididdiga, amma ba sa canza tsarin binciken gabaɗaya.ii.
Sakamakon shekarar 2020 na Kanada da aka gabatar a cikin alkaluman ƙasashen waje na iya bambanta kaɗan daga sakamakon shekarar 2020 a cikin alkaluman tsayi da aka gabatar a cikin wannan rahoton saboda bambance-bambancen hanyoyin daidaita ƙididdiga na kowane nau'in bincike. iii
A lokacin da ake tantance marufi bayan an gama amfani da shi a Kanada, yawancin fakitin da ake sayarwa a shagunan suna cikin tsarin juyawa, tare da tsarin zamiya da harsashi da ake samu don takamaiman adadin samfuran. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan manufofin marufi shine rage kyawun da kyawun kayayyakin taba.
Binciken da aka gudanar a ƙasashe daban-daban ya nuna cewa fakitin sigari marasa tsari ba su da kyau ga masu shan sigari fiye da fakitin alama.12-16
Binciken ITC ya nuna cewa an sami ƙaruwa sosai a cikin kaso na masu shan taba a Kanada waɗanda suka ga fakitin sigarinsu "ba shi da kyau kwata-kwata" bayan aiwatar da Kanadamarufin sigari.Wannan gagarumin raguwar sha'awa ya bambanta da sauran ƙasashe biyu masu kwatantawa - Ostiraliya da Amurka - inda babu wani canji a cikin kaso na masu shan taba waɗanda suka ga fakitin sigarinsu "ba shi da kyau kwata-kwata".
An samu ƙaruwa sosai a cikin kaso na masu shan taba waɗanda suka ce ba su son yanayin fakitin sigarinsu bayan aiwatar da fakitin sigari a Kanada (daga kashi 29% a shekarar 2018 zuwa kashi 45% a shekarar 2020). Shaharar fakitin ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta a Ostiraliya (inda aka aiwatar da fakitin sigari tare da manyan PHWs a shekarar 2012), inda fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku na masu shan taba suka ba da rahoton cewa ba su son yanayin fakitin su a shekarar 2018 (71%) da 2020 (69%). Akasin haka, kaso na masu shan taba waɗanda suka ce ba su son yanayin fakitin su ya kasance ƙasa a Amurka (9% a shekarar 2018 da 12% a shekarar 2020), inda gargaɗin rubutu ne kawai kuma ba a aiwatar da fakitin sigari ba (duba Hoto na 3).
Wadannan sakamakon sun yi daidai da binciken da aka yi a baya na ITC Project wanda ya nuna karuwar adadin masu shan taba wadanda ba su son yanayin fakitin su bayan an aiwatar da marufi ba a Ostiraliya (daga kashi 44% a shekarar 2012 zuwa kashi 82% a shekarar 2013)17, New Zealand (daga kashi 50% a shekarar 2016-17 zuwa kashi 75% a shekarar 2018)18, da kuma Ingila (daga kashi 16% a shekarar 2016 zuwa kashi 53% a shekarar 2018).19
Binciken da aka yi a yanzu ya kuma ƙara shaida daga binciken da aka buga wanda ke nuna raguwar sha'awar fakitin bayan aiwatar da fakitin da ba a saba gani ba tare da manyan PHWs a Ostiraliya20, 21 da kuma tasirin da ke tattare daKanadamarufin sigarikan rage sha'awar fakiti sama da haka ƙara girman PHWs a Ingila.22
Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan da ke tantance tasirin marufi mara tsari a Burtaniya da Norway ta amfani da matakan binciken ITC da aka kafa ya ba da ƙarin shaida cewa aiwatar da marufi mara tsari tare da sabbin manyan PHWs yana ƙara yawan faɗakarwa da inganci fiye da abin da za a iya cimmawa ta hanyar aiwatar da marufi mara tsari ba tare da canje-canje ga gargaɗin lafiya ba. Kafin aiwatar da marufi mara tsari, ƙasashen biyu suna da gargaɗin lafiya iri ɗaya akan fakitin sigari (43% gargaɗin rubutu a gaba, 53% PHW a baya).
Bayan aiwatar da fakitin da ba a cika amfani da shi ba tare da sabbin ƙwayoyin cuta masu saurin yaɗuwa (65% na gaba da baya) a Burtaniya, an sami ƙaruwa sosai a cikin lura, karatu, da tunani game da gargaɗin, tunanin haɗarin shan taba, halayen gujewa, daina shan sigari, da kuma yiwuwar daina shan sigari saboda gargaɗin.
Sabanin haka, an sami raguwa sosai a lura, karatu, da kuma duba gargadin sosai, da tunanin haɗarin shan taba a cikin lafiya, da kuma yiwuwar daina shan taba saboda gargaɗin da ake yi wa masu shan taba a Norway, inda aka aiwatar da marufi ba tare da wani canji ga gargaɗin lafiya ba.23 Bambancin tsarin sakamakon da aka gani a Burtaniya idan aka kwatanta da Norway ya nuna cewaKanada marufin sigariyana ƙara ingancin manyan sabbin gargaɗin hotuna, amma ba zai iya ƙara tasirin tsoffin rubutu/gargaɗin hoto ba
Lokacin Saƙo: Yuni-15-2024